Hoskins Circular — critical minerals

Mineral supply concentration and risk

How concentrated is global production of a mined resource — and how much of that concentration sits with producers carrying higher governance, environmental or natural-hazard risk? Pick a resource and a risk lens below.

Recognition vs. risk, from a chosen vantage point

All 78 tracked resources: how many of 9 government critical-minerals lists recognise each one (y-axis) against risk-weighted concentration from a chosen "viewing as" vantage point (x-axis). Click any dot, or pick one below, to jump the rest of this page to it — see "How to read this chart" below for the full picture.

Viewing as

Risk lens: WGI governance headline, 2024
Global view — no viewpoint applied, all 78 resources shown at their plain concentration index.
© Hoskins Circular — hoskinscircular.comNot listed1 of 92 of 93 of 94 of 95 of 96 of 97 of 98 of 99 of 90.00.81.62.43.2GLOBAL RISK-WEIGHTED CONCENTRATION INDEX (GOVERNANCE HEADLINE, 2024)Recognised by (of 9 government lists)Copper
How to read this chart

The y-axis counts how many of nine governments' own published critical/strategic-minerals lists — US, EU, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Canada, India — recognise a resource; one with no presence on any of them simply sits in the "Not listed" row rather than being left out. The x-axis is this widget's own risk-weighted concentration index, fixed to the WGI governance headline lens, switched between the plain global view and a chosen viewpoint's own domestically-adjusted view of it — picking one of the nine also highlights that country's own list among the dots. China and an "Other country" picker sit apart as production-exposure-only viewpoints — real domestic-adjustment math, no list to check against — for economies like Indonesia or Brazil that don't publish a comparable list themselves but clearly carry their own exposure. A faint line marks each dot's global position so you can see how far a viewpoint moved it.

on the selected economy's own list not on it (or global view) no comparable public list to check against (China, or "Other country") faint line shows where a resource sat globally before the viewpoint moved it x-axis moves left when a resource has domestic production under the selected viewpoint y-axis: number of 9 government lists that recognise the resource amber ring marks the resource picked below, or the resource currently selected in the main widget click a dot to switch the whole widget below to that resource
What's real and what isn't, in the chart above
Which risk index this is: the x-axis is the same risk-weighted concentration index used throughout this widget, run under a single fixed lens — the WGI governance headline (2024) — not the unmodified/unweighted supply-concentration (HHI-style) lens the main widget also offers, and not wired to the widget's other 46 lenses (environmental, human-development, natural-hazard, etc.); this overview stays on one lens deliberately, so every resource's position is comparable on the same terms. What's real and what isn't otherwise: both axes are grounded in primary sources, across all 78 resources this widget tracks. Two of the 78 (Coking coal, Sulfur) have no 2024 production row in the underlying data, so their x-axis position uses each one's own most recent available year instead — noted in their tooltip. One more, Hafnium, uses real British Geological Survey data but for a different element (Zirconium minerals, its geological travelling companion) reused as a disclosed proxy — see the Resource picker's own note on it for why. The global figure and every domestically-adjusted figure are computed live from this widget's own production-share and governance data (2024 for almost everything), not from a separate precomputed table. The "Other country" picker uses the same math for any economy that produces a meaningful share (≥0.5%) of at least one tracked resource — genuinely useful for somewhere like Indonesia or Brazil that carries real exposure but has no published list of its own to check against, which is exactly the gap it's there to fill; a country that barely produces anything on this list will just look like the global view, which is itself an honest answer. The y-axis recognition flags have been checked, one by one, against the nine governments' own published critical/strategic-minerals lists (US: USGS/DOI final list, Federal Register, Nov 2025; EU: Regulation (EU) 2024/1252, Annexes I–II; UK: BGS OR/24/047, Nov 2024; Australia: DISR Critical Minerals List + Strategic Materials List, Dec 2023; New Zealand: MBIE, Jan 2025; Japan: METI, most recently revised June 2025; South Korea: MOTIE, Dec 2023; Canada: NRCan, June 2024; India: Ministry of Mines master list, June 2023), researched September 2026. Two naming quirks worth flagging rather than hiding: this widget's "Bauxite" is the ore, and most countries' lists instead name the metal ("Aluminium"/"Aluminum") — only the EU's list explicitly names bauxite/alumina/aluminium as one combined entry, which is why Bauxite shows just one tick even though several of these economies clearly care about the aluminium supply chain. And New Zealand's list, checked directly against its January 2025 final version, genuinely does not include lithium or tantalum — an odd omission for an advanced economy, but that's what the primary document says. One modelling limitation: because most of these economies currently score similarly on the governance measure used here, the leftward shift you see when picking a country is driven almost entirely by how much of that resource it produces itself, not by which low-risk partners it happens to import from — that would need real bilateral trade data, which this widget does not carry. The UK and Australia lists were extracted from the primary PDFs by an automated pass rather than a manual line-by-line read — treat those two as good-but-not-final until spot-checked. On China specifically: unlike the other nine, China has no fully public, official critical-minerals list. An unreleased ~36-item catalogue (grown from 24 in 2016) reportedly sits inside China's confidential 2021–2025 mineral resources plan and circulates only in policy-adjacent literature; it's also built on a different logic than the other lists — a material qualifies by economic/defence importance, supply vulnerability, or China's own market dominance over processing, whereas the other nine are essentially all import-dependency risk. So the y-axis simply has no China data point to plot, honestly, rather than a fabricated "not recognised" flag — the huge leftward shifts you'll see for gallium, germanium, tungsten and rare earths reflect only how completely China already dominates their production.
Mixed — direct and contextual

Average of the six governance dimensions below — blends acute operational risks (political violence, corruption) with the broader institutional backdrop (civil liberties, regulatory quality).

Drag, or click either chart, to inspect any year, 1996–2024.
The same index, recomputed under every available risk lens. Highest first — click one to switch to it.
  1. 1Unadjusted market concentration (HHI, no risk weighting)1.10
  2. 2Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)0.63
  3. 3Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters)0.36
  4. 4Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area)0.32
  5. 5Control of corruption0.30
  6. 6People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)0.28
Sources & licence

Production shares: British Geological Survey, World Mineral Statistics, contributed by permission of the British Geological Survey, for all resources except the six flagged in the Resource picker's own note. Five of those six — Coking coal, Synthetic graphite, Silicon, Lime, Sulfur — aren't BGS commodities at all (BGS carries no data for any of them), so they're sourced from the IEA, UN Comtrade/WITS and USGS instead. The sixth, Hafnium, genuinely is BGS data, just for a different element: BGS doesn't track hafnium on its own, so this reuses BGS's real Zirconium production-share data as a disclosed geographic proxy (hafnium has no standalone ore — it's always a trace co-product of zirconium minerals). Used here only as an input to a computed index — no BGS production figures are displayed directly. This tool has not been reviewed or endorsed by BGS.

Coking coal: IEA, Coking coal production, 1990–2020, CC BY 4.0. Synthetic graphite: UN Comtrade / WITS export statistics. Silicon, Lime and Sulfur: USGS Minerals Yearbook and Mineral Commodity Summaries (US government publications). Hafnium: British Geological Survey, World Mineral Statistics, Zirconium minerals data (see the Resource picker's own note). See the Resource picker's own note for each resource's specific coverage window and caveats.

Governance risk: World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators (Kaufmann, Kraay & Mastruzzi), CC BY 4.0.

Environmental risk: World Bank World Development Indicators, CC BY 4.0.

Natural hazard risk: WorldRiskIndex, Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft & Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV, Ruhr University Bochum), CC BY 4.0.

Human development risk: UNDP Human Development Reports composite indices (HDI, IHDI, GII, PHDI), CC BY 3.0 IGO.

Index structure follows the general approach of the EU Joint Research Centre's HHIWGI supply-risk indicator used in EU Critical Raw Materials assessments, adapted independently — not the EU's own calculation, and not reviewed by JRC.

Tracked production trend, 1996–2024

Indexed to the first year shown = 100, not absolute volumes (see Sources & licence) — shows direction and scale of change only. Starts in 1996 to line up with the risk-weighted chart below.
010020030019962004201220202024Indexed production207© Hoskins Circular — hoskinscircular.com

Risk-weighted concentration, 1996–2024

024681019962004201220202024Risk index (0–10)0.23© Hoskins Circular — hoskinscircular.com
Copper, 2024 — risk-weighted concentration under "Governance (headline, avg of 6 dimensions)". Scale: 0 (many producers, low risk) to 10 (single producer, maximum risk).

Where it comes from

Shaded by each country's share of tracked production, 2024. Darker = larger share.
© Hoskins Circular — hoskinscircular.com
0%24.0%
Every producing region, 2024 — sorted by share. Risk and contribution shown under "Governance (headline, avg of 6 dimensions)".
CountryShareRiskContribution
Chile24.0%3.00.053
Congo13.8%7.30.101
Peru11.9%5.00.036
China8.0%4.80.015
USA4.6%2.80.002
Indonesia4.5%4.80.005
Russia4.4%6.10.007
Zambia3.6%5.20.003
Australia3.3%1.70.000
Mexico3.1%5.50.003
Kazakhstan2.5%4.80.001
Canada2.2%1.90.000
Poland1.7%3.20.000
Brazil1.7%4.90.001
Mongolia1.5%4.60.001
Iran1.4%6.70.001
Serbia1.3%4.80.000
Uzbekistan0.6%5.40.000
Turkey0.6%5.50.000
Spain0.5%3.10.000
Ecuador0.5%5.50.000
Papua New Guinea0.5%5.60.000
Bulgaria0.4%4.40.000
Saudi Arabia0.3%4.10.000
Armenia0.3%4.70.000
Botswana0.3%3.50.000
Sweden0.3%1.60.000
Philippines0.3%5.10.000
South Africa0.2%4.60.000
Portugal0.2%2.80.000
Laos0.2%5.60.000
Vietnam0.2%5.00.000
Morocco0.1%5.00.000
Finland0.1%1.20.000
India0.1%4.70.000
Pakistan0.1%6.40.000
Eritrea0.1%7.40.000
Mauritania0.1%5.90.000
Zimbabwe0.1%6.50.000
Dominican Republic0.0%4.30.000
Tanzania0.0%5.20.000
Georgia0.0%4.20.000
Albania0.0%4.50.000
Romania0.0%3.90.000
North Macedonia0.0%4.50.000
Kyrgyzstan0.0%5.90.000
Colombia0.0%5.00.000
Oman0.0%3.90.000
Bolivia0.0%5.90.000
Namibia0.0%4.00.000
Korea, Dem. P.R. of0.0%6.80.000
Tajikistan0.0%6.10.000
Azerbaijan0.0%5.20.000
Slovakia0.0%3.50.000
Index total0.23

What this model does not argue

This index does not claim a supply disruption is imminent or likely for any material shown — it is a structural concentration measure, not a forecast. It does not argue that geographic concentration is inherently wrong: some concentration reflects geology, not policy. It does not rank countries by governance or environmental performance as an end in itself — the risk scores exist only to weight supply concentration. And it does not argue that a low index value means a material's supply chain is unproblematic; it measures two specific things, not every risk a supply chain carries.

The formula
index = Σcountry (share × risk)² / 10

share = country's % of tracked global production of the selected resource, that year (British Geological Survey, except for six resources — five sourced elsewhere, one a disclosed same-source proxy — see Sources & licence)
risk = country's 0–10 risk score under the selected lens, 10 = highest risk
range: 0 (many producers, no risk) to 10 (single producer, maximum risk)